Stable and Unstable of Language
For the Supposition of KARCEVSKIJ Sergej
Completion of Language
September 23, 2011
[Preparation]
1.
n dimensional complex space Cn
Open set
Whole holomorphic function over
U 
Ring sheaf for
U →Oan(U)
Complex analytic manifold Cann
Algebraic manifold An multinomial of Cann
Ideal of multinomial ring
a 
[
x1,
x2, ...,
xn]
V(
a) = {(
a1,
a2, ...,
an)
Cn f (
a1,
a2, ...,
an) = 0,
a }
Whole closed set of
V(
a)
Fundamental open set
D(
f) = {(
a1,
a2, ...,
an)
Cn |
f (
a1,
a2, ...,
an) ≠ 0}
Arbitrary family of open set {Ui}
Easy sheaf
F 
Zariski topological space
Ring sheaf O
Affine space
An = (
,
O)
Ring R
Set of whole maximum ideal Spm R1
Spm R Spectrum of R
<Proposition>
Spm R is Noether- like.
◊
<Proposition>
R is integral domain.
Whole of open sets without null set Ux
Quotient field K
Mapping from Ux to whole partial set of K O
O(
V(
a)
c) =
Rf c expresses complementary set.
O is easy sheaf of ring over Spm R that is whole set K.
◊
<Definition>
R is finite generative integral domain over k.
Triple (i) (ii) (iii) is called affine algebraic variety.
(i) Set Spm R
(ii) Zariski topology
(iii) Ring's sheaf O
O is called structure sheaf of affine algebraic variety.
◊
Ring homomorphism between definite generative integral domains
Upper is expressed by
.
Ring holomorphism
OX(
U) →
OY((
t
)
-1U)
Morphism from affine algebraic variety
Y to
X (
OX(
U) →
OY((
t )
-1U),
X→
Y )
When
is surjection,
t is isomorphism overclosed partial set defined by p= Ker
.
Upper is called to closed immersion.
2.
Ring holomorphism
Morphism between affine algebraic varieties
Kernel of
pImage of
<Definition>
It is called that when
is injection
is dominant.
◊
<Definition>
R is medium ring between S and its quotient field K.
When
that is given by natural injection
is isomorphism over open set,
is called
open immersion.
◊
<Definition>
When X is algebraic variety, longitude of maximum chain is equal to transcendental dimension of function field k(X).
It is called dimension of algebraic variety X, expressed by dim X.
◊
<Definition>
Defined generative field over k K
Space (
X, Ox )added ring that is whole sets of
K that has open covers {
Ui}
satisfies next conditions is called
algebraic variety.(i) Each Ui is affine algebraic variety that has quotient K .
(ii) For each i, j
I, intersection
is open partial set of
.
◊
3.
<Definition>
Tensor product between ring and itself becomes ring by each elements products.
Elements
that defines surjective homomorphism is expressed by
.
Image
of closed embedding defined by
is called
diagonal.
◊
<Definition>
Field K
Ringed space that have common whole set K (A, OA) (B, OB)
Topological space C
Open embedding
A and B have common partial set C.
Topological space glued A and B by C
Easy sheaf over W OW
ahere, arbitrary open set Ø ≠
Ringed space
is called
glue of
A and
B by
C.
◊
<Definition>
Intedgral domains that have common quotient field K R, S
Element R am ≠ 0
Element S bn ≠ 0
Spm
T 
Spm
R, Spm
T 
Spm
SGlue defined by the upper is called simple.
◊
<Definition>
Affine algebraic varieties U1, U2
Common open set of U1, U2 UC
Diagonal embedding
When the upper is closed set, glue is called separated.
◊
<Proposition>
For simple glue
, next is equivalent.
(*) It is separated.
(**) Ring
is generated by
R and
S.
◊
<Definition>
R and S are integral domains that have common quotient field K.
For partial ring T=RS generated by R and S, when <Definition> simple is satisfied, it is called "Spm R ad Spm S are simple glue."
◊
<Sample>
Projective space Pn is simple glue.
◊
<Definition>
Algebraic Variety's morphism is glue of affine algebraic variety's ring homomorphism image.
Algebraic direct product is direct product of affine algebraic variety.
◊
4.
Affine algebraic variety X
Ring over k R
is called
R value point of
X.
Whole
is called set of
R value point of
X, expressed by
X(
R).
Ring homomorphism over
k 
X(f) :=
X(R)
X(S)
Ring homomorphism
,
<Definition>
is function from ring category over
k to category of set.
◊
<Definition>
Functors from ring category to set category F, G
Ring R
{
}
has
functional morphism.
Functors F,G have isomorphism ( or natural transformation).
Functor from ring's category to set's category that is isomorphic to algebraic variety, is called representable or represent by X, or fine moduli.
◊
<Definition>
Functor from ring's category to set's category F
When 
satisfies the next conditions, X is called coarse moduli. (i) There is natural transformation
:
.
(ii) Natural transformation
,
Morphism that satisfies
is existent uniquely.
(iii) For algebraic close field
k'
k, 
(
k') is always bijection.
◊
<Definition>
Algebraic variety G that
is functor to group's category is called
algebraic group.
◊
<Definition>
Finite generative ring over k A
When G = Spm A satisfies 3 conditions on the next triad is called affine algebraic group.
Triad
Conditions
(i)
are commutative for
.
(ii)There is identity map for A.
(iii) There is coincident with
for
A.
◊
5.
Projective space over C Pn
(2n+1) dimensional spherical surface
{
}
Pn has continuous surjection from
.
Pn is compact.
<Definition>
Map
is called
closed map when
is closed set image
becomes closed set.
◊
<Definition>
Algebraic variety
X is called complete when projection
is closed map for arbitrary manifold
Y.
◊
<Definition>
Morphism from complete algebraic manifold
X to separated algebraic manifold
Y,
is closed map.
◊
<Proposition>
Projective space Pn is complete.
◊
<System>
Algebraic manifold that has closed embedding at Pn is complete.
This algebraic manifold is called projective algebraic manifold.
[Interpretation]
Here language is expressed by Pn.
Word is expressed by projective algebraic manifold.
Meaning of word is expressed by closed embedding.
This paper has been published by Sekinan Research Field of Language.
2011 by The Sekinan Research Field of Language
over ring R {
